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Wednesday, January 4, 2012

Evaluating the Science Conference 2011

At the Evaluating the Science Conference in 2011 for Vaccine Safety the following was presented for review.

1. Luigi Franchi and Gabriel Núñez The NLRP3 Inflammasome is Critical for Alum-Mediated IL-1β Secretion but Dispensable for Adjuvant Activity Eur J Immunol. 2008 August ; 38(8): 2085–2089. doi:10.1002/eji.200838549.

2. Fiona A. Sharpa, Darren Ruanea, Benjamin Claassa, et al. Uptake of particulate vaccine adjuvants by dendritic cells activates the NALP3 inflammasome. PNAS 106: 870-875.

3. Stephanie C. Eisenbarth, Oscar R. et al. Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants. Nature 2008; doi: 10.1038/06939.

4. Kempuraj D, et al. Mercury induces inflammatory mediatory release from human mast cells. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:20.

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8. Turowski RC, Triozzi PL. Central nervous system toxicities of cytokine therapy. In: Plotnikoff NP, Faith RE, Murgo AJ, Good RA, eds. Cytokines Stress and Immunity. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1998:93-114.

9. Santramaria A, Galvan-Arzate S, Lisy V, et al. Quinolinic acid induces oxidative stress in rat brain synaptosomes. Neuroreport. 2001;12: 871-874.

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12. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Le H. Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmun.2001;20 (1-2):170-179.

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14. Kim WG, Mohney RP, Wilson B, Jeohn GH, Liu B, Hong JS. Regional difference in susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in the rat brain: role of microglia. J Neurosci.2000;20:6309-6316. 15. Arimoto T, Bing G. Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthease in the substantia nigra by lipopolyosaccharide causes microglial activation and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis.2003;12:35-45.

16. Gao H-M, Hong J-S, Zhang W, Liu B. Distinct role for microglia in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci.2002;22:782-790.

17. Keller JN, Mark RJ, Bruce E, et al. 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. Neurosci.1997;80:685-696.

18. Olney JW. New insights and new issues in developmental neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicol.2002;23:659-668.

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20. Dyatlov VA, Lawrence DA. Neonatal lead exposure potentiates sickness behavior induced by Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2002; 16:477-492.

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22. Aschner M, Yao CP, Allen JW, Tan KH. Methylmercury alters glutamate transport in astrocytes. Neurochem Int. 2000; 37:199-206.

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24. Fatemi SH, Halt AR, Stary JM, Kanodia R, Schulz SC, Realmuto GR. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa proteins are reduced in autistic parietal and cerebellar cortices. Biol Psychiatry. 2002:52:805-810.

25. Eastman CL, Urbanska E, Love A, Kristensson K, Schwarcz R. Increased brain quinolinic acid production in mice infected with a hamster neurotropic measles virus. Exp Neurol.1994;125:119- 124.

26. Nakai Y, Itoh M, Mizuguchi M, et al. Apoptosis and microglial activation in influenza encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2003;105:233-239.

27. Andersson T, Schultzberg M, Schwarcz R, Love A, Wickman C, Kristensson K. NMDA-receptor antagonist prevents measles virus-induced neurodegeneration. Eur J Neurosci.1991:3:66-71.

28. Stastny F, Skultyova I, Pliss L, Jezova D. Quinolinic acid enhances permeability of rat brain microvessels to plasma albumin. Brain Res Bull. 2000;53:415-420.

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31. Hsieh Y-L, Hsu C, Lue S-I, et al. The neonatal neurotoxicity of monosodium L-glutamate in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in rats. Dev Neurosci.1997;19:342-347.

32. Sebire G, Emile D, Wallon C, et al. In vitro production of IL-6, IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human embryonic microglial and neural cells. J Immunol.1993;150:1517-1523.

33. Malek-Ahmadi. Cytokines and etiopathogenesis of pervasive developmental disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2001;56:321-324.

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35. Turowski RC, Triozzi PL. Central nervous system toxicities of cytokine therapy, In: Plotnikoff NP, Faith RE, Murgo AJ, Good RA, eds. Cytokines Stress and Immunity. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999:93-114.

36. Meyers CA, Scheiel RS, Forman AD. Persistant neurotoxicity of systemically administered interferon-alpha. Neurology.1991:41:672- 676.

37. Hu S, Sheng WS, Ehrlich LC, Peterson PK, Chao CC. Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes. Neuroimmunomod. 2000;7:153-159.

38. Fine C, Lumsden J, Blair RJR. Dissociation between “theory of mind” and executive functions in a patient with early left amygdala damage. Brain. 2001:124:287-298.

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40. Day HE, Curran EJ, Watson SJ, Akil H. Distinct neurochemical populations in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: evidence for their selective activation by interleukin-1beta. J Comp Neurol.1999; 413:113-128.

41. Baron-Cohen S, Ring HA, Bullmore ET, Wheelwright S, Ashwin C, Williams SC. The amygdala theory of autism [review]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.2000; 24:355-364.

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43. Bachevalier J. Medial temporal lobe structures and autism: a review of clinical and experimental findings. Neuropsychologia.1994;32:627-648.

44. Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Wei TC, Hof PR, Cartwright C, Hollander E. Limbic circuitry in patients with autism spectrum disorders with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157:1994-2001.

45. Pierce K, Courchesne E. Evidence for a cerebellar role in reduced exploration and stereotyped behavior in autism. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:655-664.

45. Warren RP, Singh VK. Elevated serotonin levels in autism: association with the major histocompatibility complex. Neuropsychobiol.1996;34:72-75.

46. Ozonoff S, Pennington BF, Rogers SJ. Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: relationship to theory of mind. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1991;32:1081-1105.

47. Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Goldstein G, Honeycutt NA, et al MRI volumes of amygdala and hippocampus in non-mentally retarded autistic adolescents and adults. Neurology. 1999;53:2145-2150.

48. Kemper TL, Bauman M. Neuropathology of infantile autism. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.1998;57:645-652.

49. Neumann H, Schweigreiter R, Yamashita T, Rosenkranz K, Wekerle H, Barde Y-A. Tumor necrosis factor inhibits neurite outgrowth and branching of hippocampal neurons by a rhodependent mechanism. J Neurosci.2002;22:854-862.

50. Gonzalez-Burgos I, Perez-Vega MI, Beas-Zarate C. Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate induces cell death and dendritic hypotrophy in rat prefrontocortical pyramidal neurons. Neurosci Lett.2001;297:69-72.

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52. Adamson DC, Kopnisky KL, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Mechanisms and structural determinants of HIV-1 coat protein, gp41-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurosci.1999;19:64-71.

53. Arai K, Matsuki N, Ikegaya Y, Nishiyama N. Deterioration of spatial learning performances in lipopolysacchride-treated mice. Jpn J Pharmacol.2001;87: 195-201.

54. Broderick PA. Interleukin 1 alpha alters hippocampal serotonin and norepinephrine release during open-field behavior in Sprague-Dawley animals: differences from the Fawn-Hooded animal model of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26:1355-1372.

55. Beas-Zarate C, Riverera-Huizar SV, Martinez-Contreras A, Feria-Velasco A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Changes in NMDA receptor gene expression are associated with neurotoxicity induced neonatally by glutamate in the rat brain. Neurochem Int.2001;39:1-10.

56. Lellouch-Tubiana A, Fohlen M, Robain O, Rozenberg F. Immunocytochemical characterization of long-term persistant immune activation in human brain after herpes simplex encephalitis. Neuropath Appl Neurobiol 2000; 26:285-294.

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58. Booss J, Davis LE. Smallpox and smallpox vaccination: neurological implications. Neurology. 2003;60:1241-1245.

59. Kimura T, Griffin DE. Extensive immune-mediated hippocampal damage in mice surviving infection with neuroadapted Sindbis virus. Virol. 2003;311:28-39.

60. Sauder C, de la Torre JC. Cytokine expression in the rat central nervous system following perinatal Borna disease virus infection. J Neuroimmunol.1999; 96:29-45.

61. Perry VH. Persistent pathogens in the parenchyma of the brain. J Neurovirol. 2000;6:(suppl):S86-S89.

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63. Jong AY, Stins MF, Huang SH, et al. Traversal of Candida albicans across human blood-brain barrier in vitro. Infect Immun 2001;69:4536-4544.

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65. Shel L. Autistic disorder and the endogenous opioid system. Med Hypotheses. 1997; 48:413-414.

66. Zhu L, Gao J, Wu J, Zhao XN, Zhang ZN. Enhancing effects of beta-endorphin on glutamate neurotoxicity. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao.1998;19:108-111.

67. Volta U, DeGiorgio R, Petrolini N, Stangbellini V, Barbara G, Granito A, De Ponti F, Corinaldesi R, Bianchi FB. Clinical findings and anti-neuronal antibodies in coelic disease with neurological findings. Scand J Gastroenterol.2002;37:1276-1281.

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69. Blaylock RL. The central role of excitotoxicity in autism spectrum disorders. JANA. 2003;6:7-19. 70. Donnelly S, Loscher CE, Lynch MA, Mills KH. Whole-cell but not acellular pertussis vaccines induce convulsive activity in mice: evidence of a role for toxin-induced interleukin- 1beta in a new murine model for analysis of neuronal side effects of vaccination. Infect Immunol.2001;69:4217-4223.

71. Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC. Serological association of measles virus and human herpes virus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol.1998; 89:105-108.

72. el-Fawal HA e al. Exposure to methylmercury results in serum autoantibodies to neurotypic and gliaotypic proteins. Neurotoxicology 1996; 17:531–9.

73. Havarinasab S et al. Immunosuppressive and autoimmune effects of thimerosal in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005;204:109–21.

74. Hornig M, Chian D, Lipkin WJ. Neurotoxic effect of postnatal thimerosal are mouse strain dependent. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:833–45.

75. Tishler M, Shoenfeld Y. Vaccination may be associated with autoimmune disease. Isr Med Assoc J 2004;6:430–2.

76. Lucarelli S et al. Food allergy and infantile autism. Panminerva Med 1995;37:137–41.

77. Vojdani A et al. Immune response to dietary proteins, gliadin and cerebellar peptides in children with autism. Nutr Neuroscience 2004; 7: 151-161.

78. McGeer PL and McGeer EG. Autotoxicity and Alzheimer Disease. 2000; 57;289–90.

79. Lee SC et al. Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. Differential induction by liposaccharide and IL-1beta. J Immunol 1993;150:2659–67.

80. Boulanger LM, Shatz CJ. Immune signaling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease. Nature Reviews/Neuroscience 2004;5:521–31 81. Agrawal A et al. Thimerosal induces TH2 responses via influencing cytokine secretion by human dendritic cells. J Leukocyte Biol 2007;81:1–9.

82. Martin OC et al. Hepatitis B immunization induces higher antibody and memory Th2 responses in newborns than adults. Vaccine 2004;22:511– 9.

83. Jyonouchi H et al. Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmunol 2001;120:170–9.

84. Kerdile YM et al. Immunosuppression by measles virus: role of viral proteins. Rev Med Virol 2006;16:49–63.

85. Miller NZ. Vaccine Safety Manuel: For Concerned Families and Health Practioners. New Atlantean Press, NM, 2008.

86. Strunecka A, Patocka J, Blaylock RL et al. Fluoride interactions: from molecules to disease. Current Signal Transduction Therapy 2007; 2(3):190–213.

87. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong J-S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nature Reviews/Neuroscience 2007 Sept.;8:57–69.

88. Lemstra AW et al. Microglia activation in sepsis: a case-control study. J Neuroinflamm 207;4:4

89. Buttini M, Lumonta S, Boddeke HW. Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces activation of microglial cell in rat brain. Neurochem Int 1996;29:25–35.

90. Cunningham C et al. Central and systemic endotoxin challenges exacerbate the local inflammatory responses and increased neuronal death during chronic neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2005; 25:9275–84.

91. Vargas DL et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol 2005;57:67–81.

92. Lewine JD et al. Magnetoencephalographic patterns of epileptiform activity in children with regressive autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 1999; 104:405–15.

93. Auvin S et al. Inflammation exacerbates seizure-induced injury in the immature brain. Epilepsia 2007;48: 27–34.

94. Heyes MP et al. Human microglia convert L-tryptophan into neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Biochem J 1996; 320: 595-597.

95. Bar-Peled O et al. Distribution of glutamate transporter subtypes during human brain development. J Neurochem 1997;69:2571–80.

96. Toga Aw et al. Mapping brain maturation. Trend Neurosci 2006;29:148– 59.

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99. Maslinska D et al. Morphological forms and localizations of microglial cells in the developing human cerebellum. Folia Neuropathol 1998; 36:145–51.

100. Schlett K. Glutamate as a modulator of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Curr Top Med Chem 2006;6:949–60.

101. Schwab JM et al. IL-6 is differentially expressed in the developing human fetal brain by microglial cells in zones of neuropoesis. In J Dev Neurosci 2001;114:232–41.

102. Marret S et al. Arrest of neuronal migration by excitatory amino acids in hamster developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:15463–8.

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104. Aarum J et al. Migration and differentiation of neural precursor cells can be directed by microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:15983–8.

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106. Chao CC et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha potentates glutamate neurotoxicity in human fetal cell cultures. Dev Neurosci 1994;16:172–9.

107. Bauman M, Kemper TL. Developmental cerebellar abnormalities: a consistent finding in early infantile autism. Neurology 1986;36(Suppl 1):190.

108. Courchesne E. Brainstem cerebellar and limbic neuroanatomical abnormalities in autism. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1997;7:269–78.

109. Taylor DL et al. Stimulation of microglial metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu2 triggers tumor necrosis factor -induced neurotoxicity in concert with microglial-derived Fas ligand. J Neurosci 2005;25:2952–64.

110. Rothwell NJ. Cytokines—killers in the brain? J Physiol 1999;514:3–17.

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113. Burka SL et al. Maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy and adult psychosis. Brain Behav Immunol 2001;15: 411–20.

114. Brown AS et al. Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:889–95.

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119. Gherardi RK et al. Macrophagic myofasciitis lesion assess long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminum hydroxide in muscle. Brain 2001;124:1821–31.

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125. Campbell A et al. Chronic exposure to aluminum in drinking water increases inflammatory parameters selectively in the brain. J Neuroscience Res 2004;75:565–72.

126. Bishop NJ et al. Aluminum neurotoxicity in preterm infants receiving intravenous feeding solutions. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1557–61.

127. Flarend RE, Hem SL, White JL, Elmore D, Suckow MA, Rudy AC, Dandashli EA. In vivo absorption of aluminum-containing vaccine adjuvants using 26Al. Vaccine 1997 Aug.-Sept.;15(12-13):1314–8.

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160. Dyatlov VA et al. neonatal lead exposure potentates sickness behavior by Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16:477–92.

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162. Campbell A. Inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and environmental exposures. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1035: 117-32.

163. Tsunoda M, Sharma RP. Modulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in mouse brain after exposure to aluminum in drinking water. Arch Toxicol 1999;73:419–26.

164. Perry VH et al. The impact of infection on the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Nature Rev Neuroscience 2003;4:103–12.

165. ] Juarez BI, Martinez ML, Montante M, et al. Methylmercury increases glutamate extracellular levels in frontal cortex of awake rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002;24:767–71.

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